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Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions.〔Ho, D. Y. F., & Wu, M. (2001). Introduction to cross-cultural psychology. In L. L. Adler & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), ''Cross-cultural topics in psychology'' (pp. 3–13). Westport, CT: Praeger.〕 Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior, language, and meaning it seeks to extend and develop psychology.〔Gielen, U. P., & Roopnarine, J. L. (Eds.).(2004). ''Childhood and adolescence: Cross-cultural perspectives and applications''. Westport: CT: Praeger.〕 Since psychology as an academic discipline was developed largely in North America, some psychologists became concerned that constructs accepted as universal were not as invariant as previously assumed, especially since many attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures had varying success.〔Smith, Peter B., Michael Harris Bond, and Cigdem Kagitcibasi. ''Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures.'' Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2006〕〔Smith, Peter B., and Michael Harris Bond. ''Social Psychology Across Cultures.'' 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999〕 Since there are questions as to whether theories dealing with central themes, such as affect, cognition, conceptions of the self, and issues such as psychopathology, anxiety, and depression, may lack external validity when "exported" to other cultural contexts, cross-cultural psychology re-examines them using methodologies designed to factor in cultural differences so as to account for cultural Variance.〔Vijver, Fons van de, and Kwok Leung. ''Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-Cultural Research.'' Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997〕 Although some critics have pointed to methodological flaws in cross-cultural psychological research and claim that serious shortcomings in the theoretical and methodological bases used impede rather than help the scientific search for universal principles in psychology, cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry.〔〔 In 1972 the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established. This branch of psychology has continued to expand as there has been an increasing popularity of incorporating culture and diversity into studies. Cross-cultural psychology is differentiated from cultural psychology, which refers to the branch of psychology that holds that human behavior is significantly influenced by cultural differences, meaning that psychological phenomena can only be compared with each other across cultures to a very limited extent. In contrast, cross-cultural psychology includes a search for possible universals in behavior and mental processes. Cross-cultural psychology "can be thought of as a type () research methodology, rather than an entirely separate field within psychology".〔 ==Definitions and early work== Two definitions of the field include: "the scientific study of human behavior and its transmission, taking into account the ways in which behaviors are shaped and influenced by social and cultural forces"〔Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (1992). ''Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 and "the empirical study of members of various cultural groups who have had different experiences that lead to predictable and significant differences in behavior".〔Brislin, Lonner, & Thorndike, 1973 as cited in Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (1992). ''Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 Culture, as a whole, may also be defined as "the shared way of life of a group of people."〔 Early work in cross-cultural psychology was suggested in Lazarus and Steinthal's journal ''Zeitschrift fur Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft'' (of Folk Psychology and Language Science ) which began to be published in 1860. More empirically oriented research was subsequently conducted by Williams H. R. Rivers (1864–1922) who attempted to measure the intelligence and sensory acuity of indigenous people residing in the Torres Straits area, located between Australia and New Guinea.〔Jahoda, G. (1993). ''Crossroads between culture and mind.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cross-cultural psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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